A Sound of Thunder Paragraph Essay

The consequences of time travel cannot be matched in terms of unpredictability because any tiny alterations to the distant past can change the outcome of the ensuing events of the future. In the futuristic tale, â€Å"A Sound of Thunder,† by Ray Bradbury, the standard way of life in the present time is subtly altered when an ambitious hunter named Eckels travels back in time to hunt a prehistoric animal. When Eckels is confronted by the frightening Tyrannosaurus rex, he panics and ignores the rules of the guide, falling off the established path. In the heat of the moment, he accidentally steps on a butterfly causing a chain reaction that creates various realignments of society in the contemporary era. Firstly, the essence of society is transformed from good to evil. Before departure, the man behind the desk was against the beliefs of Deutscher and was supportive of Keith. On his return, Eckels notices a slight difference in the demeanor of the man behind the desk; he is now firmly supportive of Deutscher and considers Keith a weakling. He laughs and says, â€Å"You joking? You know very well. Deutscher, of course! Who else? Not that fool weakling Keith. We got an iron man now, a man with guts!† This quote infers that society has drastically changed from the time Eckels departed for the safari to his return on the following day. Second of all, Lesperance does a reconnaissance to select certain targets for the hunters, his mandate being to identify animals that were going to die on the particular day of the hunt anyways. â€Å"I track them through their entire existence, noting which of them lives longest†¦ When I find one that’s going to die when a tree falls on him, or one that drowns in a tar pit, I note the exact hour, minute, and second. I shoot a paint bomb†¦ This way, we kill only animals with no future, that are never going to mate again.† This illustrates how conscientious the company is about the effects of time travel and altering the history of the world. Finally, on Eckels return, his senses detect subtle changes in the atmosphere and his surroundings. Most of all, his eyes see the change in the English language. The sign above the desk was in a phonetic form, and he immediately realizes the intellect of the human race had deteriorated. â€Å"But the immediate thing was the sign painted on the office wall, the same sign he had read earlier today on first entering. Somehow, the sign had changed.† This shows that the slightest, simple, accidental modification of history can have apocalyptic consequences for modern civilization. In conclusion, Eckels’ meandering in the forest 60 million years ago, creates a society with less righteousness, responsibility, and human intellect.

The Barbie Effect

Barbie has it all. Every career imaginable and what women perceive to be the perfect body. In real life this could transfer into bankruptcy, low self-esteem and materialistic behavior. There is much controversy surrounding Barbie and whether she has an effect on young girls’ self esteem. There have been studies on both sides of the issue with no clear definitive answer. Barbie was a sensation almost from the moment she hit the shelves, promoting and quickly spreading the idea of materialism and superficiality among young girls. Barbie has lots of clothes, cars, the dream house and even her own credit cards. She is extremely thin and good-looking, fashionable, she has perfect blonde hair. We all know â€Å"blondes have more fun†. Barbie clearly promotes materialism and portrays this lifestyle as being fulfilling, which gives children a false sense of what life is, and an empty goal for them to pursue. Body image distortion is created, as the majority of women cannot achieve Barbie’s proportions. . Look instead at Ken, Barbie’s long time boyfriend. When researchers at the University of South Australia scaled up Mr. Barbie to life-size proportions, they concluded that the chances of a man having his body shape are one in 50. That is a lot more achievable than the one in one hundred thousand chance a girl has of achieving Barbie’s dimensions-this defiantly gives weight to the argument that the media puts unrealistic expectations and pressures on women. (Wintermann) Magazines have morphed stars onto smaller bodies, models that walk the runway are anorexic, and pictures are airbrushed making men’s expectations of women unrealistic as well as women’s expectations of themselves. Body image is not just appearance,† said Karen Way, a licensed clinical social worker with 18 years' experience. â€Å"Your body image has to do with your health, your various talents, how able you are to be in tune with sensations in your body. â€Å"(Way LCSW) Men are having problems as well as women just not to the same degree or level. Men trend toward steroid use, valuing strength and muscle ripped appearance over slimness. Mattel the makers of Barbie perpetuate the stereotype that boys are smarter than girls in the math and science area. Mattel introduced the irst talking Barbie and her words were† math is tough† Studies show that boys surpassed girls in math (Geary) Mattel has attempted to change this image with the Barbie I can Be website. Many people have the myth that anorexia is all about being thin. More often it has to do with control. It often begins as pressure to be perfect. Other things in your life are spinning out of control and this is somethin g you are in charge of, thinness is just an effect. Control implies strength; strength implies simplicity, which equals perfection-perfect control. Anorexia is an addiction and recovery is possible by finding meaning in life. One of the quotes that helped in recovery came from a book a psychiatrist gave me. The quote from is from William Ward a notorious writer. To weep is to risk appearing sentimental. To reach out to another is to risk involvement To expose feelings is to risk exposing your true self. To place your ideas and dreams before a crowd is to risk their loss. To love is to risk not being loved in return. To hope is to risk pain. To try is to risk failure. But risks must be taken, because the greatest hazard in life is to risk nothing. ? William Arthur Ward Moral development in children follows a predictable developmental path. When presented with an ethical dilemma, children under the age of eight typically judge an action as wrong or incorrect when it results in punishment or goes against the rules set forth by authority figures (Kohlberg in Dolgin2011) As children mature, they begin to consider multiple perspective s in a situation; they take into account the intentions and motives of those involved and recognizing the often-conflicting rules inherent in moral dilemmas. In other words, their moral reasoning becomes more flexible and â€Å"other† oriented. When Children see idols such as Lindsey Lohan and Paris Hilton who have the Quintessential† Barbie â€Å"image not subject to the rules and standards in society that others are held to, it creates the false illusion that those who are beautiful and have money and things are worth more and have more value. Barbie throughout her 125 careers has never portrayed a real woman with other desirable qualities other than being beautiful and fashionable. One can certainly believe the media from magazines, the fashion industry and Mattel have played a huge role in the self-esteem of girls and they value they place on themselves as a person.

Mccain

External Business environmental challenges on the business One of the biggest problems of McCain was obesity In children. This problem related to external challenges, which faced by the organization. McCain had to focused on the healthy problem occurred due to their products. McCain had to understand the dietary of the customers, which should be balanced as well as healthy. In relation to understand the customer's requirement and other issues, it was mandatory for the company to analyses its environment whether it was internal or external.Following figure show the external challenges: (http://yeomanry. Mom, 2014) After doing the slept analysis organization needs to examine those factors, which affects the business. When slept has been occurred then, company has to made changes according to the environment changes. Some external challenges is as below: Social Factors: It Is one of the Important factors that affects directly to the business. Consumer behavior depends resolute by the pr esent trend. Habits Like eating, drinking changes with time to time. McCain sales growth declined due to some healthy eating patterns of the consumers.McCain reduces the quantity of salt in their potato products. Mccain claimed that their potato products are lower in fats and saturated fats. McCain also promote its product to the public to increase the sales. They communicate with people through campaigns. McCain also made strong public relation with the help of advertisement. Legal Factors: Every company has to deal with the legal criteria set by the government. There must be some standard that are set by the company to meet with the government rules and regulations.Government set standards on the behalf of consumers. They made various traffic lights labels which shows the quality of the product that help the nonusers to choose the right product. For example red dot represent high level of ingredients like fat and unsaturated fats and green dot represent low level of fat. There are some guidelines set by the government for the companies in relation of quality. Some of the guidelines are also called daily amount guidelines, which represent the daily intake of the fats and unsaturated fats.Advertising also comes under legal factors. It supervised by the voluntary body that related to advertising industry. This special authority called advertising standards authority. Economic Factors: One of the mall challenges of the company Is people's rolling Income. This was big problem for the company because as the Income rises then, people prefer to buy the superior varlets of the products. As the people becoming richer they prefer ready to eat meal and ready meals rather than buying potatoes and chips at home. So responsible for health.Then, McCain introduces the various products like Mccain straight cut, oven chips, Home fries, roast potatoes etc. Technological factors: Technology is the most important challenges for the company. Food technology plays an important role in this modern economy. Some of the challenges for the companies like frozen products, muesli bars etc. One of the main challenges for the company how to retain the quality of the potatoes products. B. Two strength and two Weaknesses of McCain foods in emerging the organization sustainability. Strength McCain company toughly emphases on the quality of its products.It hires more than 90 agronomist's potato experts at 55 production facilities across 6 continents, to help local producers to grow best quality of potatoes and vegetables that the company can use those products in manufacturing its products and also confirm consistent supply. McCain Research Farms concentrate on emerging quality agricultural products. (An, 2014) McCain Company drives a Potato Processing Technology Centre in Canada and frequently improvisation's manufacturing processes in order to increase efficiency and product value. An, 2014) The company's thoughtlessly on keeping high quality levels for raw materials d istinguishes its products from others intone market and increases the brand image. (An, 2014) Nakedness's The company has slightest presence in developing the organic segments of food. Organic and natural food products are now becoming the rapid growing classification in food retail sector. Consumer awareness organic alternatives for food products and increasing health anxieties about Junk food have headed to chirography in this particular segment. An, 2014) Restricted existence in a reckless growing product sector mayhap an unfavorable mark on the company's market share. Downtrends status McCain has been popular as a private company; it could face problems in getting money for outgrowth owing to its ownership status. Private ownership's the company at a reasonable disadvantage. (An, 2014) (Strauss, 2014) Adaptability culture is the most corporate culture that McCain need to adopt for their tragedies. In adaptability culture, company develops in external environment. Company need to response as soon as possible when the company makes the decision.It involves the high-risk decisions that get quick feedback from the environment. Managers need to encourage the company staff so that company needs to detect rapidly. Three reasons that make adaptability culture better than others are as below: 1 . The first reason is that it is flexible by nature. Whenever, company need to change the strategies according to customers needs then, company can change any time and very easily. Customer need changes according to time then, it is the first duty of the company to be focused the needs of customer. 2.Employees have self-rule to make decision and also act freely to meet the new needs of customers. Employees should know regarding their decision. If the employees participate a lot in the responsiveness to customers then, those decision will be highly value and appreciated. 3. Company need to be creative as well doing experimentation on new products according to the customers ne ed. For example, In the market, there is customer need come in front of the company and company start working on it then, many can easily introduce the new product.Vision & Strategy (http://www. McCain. Com, 2014) Some of the company objectives are as below: Acquire the highest market share Boost the sales of the company Satisfy the customer and its need Personalization for shareholders Growing together business strategy customers and consumers through the development of our people, stewardship of the environment and our actions as a responsible corporate citizen We believe that social responsibility is an expression of how we conduct all aspects of our business and cannot be defined within a single program or policy.This belief is reflected in the Growing Together business strategy we introduced in 2005, which is anchored by three interdependent pillars: Distributed and networked leadership: Developing people as leaders at all levels of the organization and collaborating through le arning and project networks to leverage our global scale and best practices. Market facing: Making decisions at the closest level to the customer and creating demand for our products through innovation, value, differentiation and in the way we interact with our customers and consumers. Global CARS report, 2009) Corporate social responsibility: Making good, nutritious food on the principles of sustainability and food safety and supporting our employees, customers and consumers in their aspiration for a Better Life. Coach section of this report – Respecting our Environment, Inspiring Wellness and Positively Impacting our People – describes the policies, practices and initiatives that underpin our strategy and the progress we are making on our Journey of continuous improvement in advancing our goals in a socially responsible manner. Global CARS report, 2009) Advantages and disadvantages of Management-by-objective Management by Objectives MOB can likewise be alluded as Man agement by Results or Goal Management, and is focused around the presumption that contribution prompts responsibility and if a worker takes part in objective setting and additionally setting norms for estimation of execution towards that objective, then the representative will be roused to perform better and in a way that straightforwardly helps the accomplishment of authoritative goals. Advantages of Management by Objectives 1 .Since Management by targets (MOB) is a result-turned process and concentrates n setting and controlling objectives, if urges chiefs to do unity gritty arranging. 2. Both the top managers and the Juniors realize what is anticipated from them and consequently there is no part imprecision or disarray. When both top managers and subordinates know each other about there work then, there will be no confusion between them. Disadvantages of Management by Objectives 1 . MOB can be accomplishing because it has the complete backing of the top management.If the McCain t op manager will not supportive with there staff then, the strategies will no completed. Whatever, strategic plan made by the management should be related to staff. 2. They may be less weight to co-occur with the administration during setting objectives and goals and these objectives may be set unreasoningly high. This may low down their assurance and they may get to be suspicious about the logic behind MOB. Control System to improve Production process and product quality Controlling is one of the most important functions, which consist planning, organizing, staffing and directing.It is important because It help the company to correct the errors and to take corrective action so that divergence from tankards are minimized and the set goals of the company are achieved in the desired manner. Control in management means to improve the production process, Feed forward Control Concurrent Control Feedback Control Afterwards Afterwards is a communication term that refers to regulate impact t o a person or a company from which anybody can expect output. Feed Forward is not like pre- feedback, because it helps to measure an output and also help in sending the feedback.For example, if pre-feedback is occurred during quality and production process which is really easy for the organization to get an idea of the output. It also involves a document of review and giving post information regarding the production and quality process. Concurrent control will be control that happens in the meantime as a task is happening. This observing and controlling comprises of the courses of action that project execution so that potential issues might be distinguished in a promising way and correct procedures could be made, when needed, to control the execution of the task.If any project is under process in production unit then, concurrent control strategy can be used during that process. It will help the managers to observe and intro and of course, actions can be taken for correct execution o f the process. Feedback is a method in which data about the past or the present impacts the same phenomenon in the present or future. As a part of a chain of its effect and causes that forms a circuit, the occasion is said to â€Å"feedback† into itself. Feedback† exists between two sections when each affects the other. As a company tries to improve its performance, feedback helps to make some adjustments. Feedback helps to motivate the people in the work place. When anybody receives positive or negative feedback, hat person decides how to apply that feedback on his or her Job. In the production and quality process of the company, if any employee receive the positive feedback then, that person will automatically motivated towards company.

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

English - Essay Example Chris on the other hand left behind his luxurious life so he can achieve what he really wants to achieve, what his heart wants and work towards that goal. Maya who dealt with the racism around her alone, was separated from her brother and was forced to live a life where she was tortured for being black which was not even her fault, still she was able to live a life where her own self was her priority irrespective of what people think about her. Courage made a very difficult journey of Lalu, later on known as Polly Bemis a dignified path for her. In the novel â€Å"Thousand Pieces of Gold† in 1853 Lalu started her life in Nathoy China, however she ended up becoming Polly Bemis living in Grangeville, Idaho in 1933. She was very dear to her father who used to call her â€Å"thousand pieces of gold† as she was very precious for him. During a bad patch Lalu was sold to a bandit and in return her father received two bags of soya bean. Lalu who was thousand pieces of gold for her father was actually sold for just two bags of soybean. Difficult phase of her life started where she was forces into sexual slavery. She was a slave of trader and later a Chinese saloonkeeper kept her as well in Gold Rush country. Lalu never lost her hope and even during extremely crucial and hard times was bravely protected her dignity and self respect which was important for her. She lived a life of a homesteader after she was won by a man in a poker game. Her spirits very always high and nothing in the world, no difficulty was able to affect her spirits. The importance of valuing ones self gives person courage to even cross hardships of the life with a smile on the face. In the novel when Lalu was sold, the scene depicts the story in a beautiful manner, "He reached out, hesitated, and then looked up at Lalu, his eyes pleading for understanding. She twisted her face away -- Behind her, she heard him snatch the bag and scoop up the spilled seed. 'Two bags,' her father begged. ' She's worth two bags of seed† (McCunn, 67). Novice to Master   is a story of Soko Morinaga who lived a life full of courage and self determination from 1925 till 1995. After completing his high school, he got into the practice of Zen. Zuigan Goto started training him to become a monk at monastery at Daitokuji from 1949 till 1963. Sesso Ota Roshi gave him the Dharma transmission seal. He also in the book says, â€Å"He led a very difficult life, Narrow experience of knowledge generated misconceptions for him however with a smile on his face, extremely high level of patience and spirit he led a life with sleep deprivation, without food, eating without any sound, strict behavior of his masters and a very difficult lifestyle. Morinaga says, "The purpose of practice is not to increase knowledge but to scrape the scales off the eyes, to pull the plugs out of the ears. Through practice one comes to see reality. And although it is said that 'no medicine can cure fully,' whatever pr ompts me to realize 'I was a fool' is, in fact, just such a medicine." In his sermons he talks about mental states, how no favorability and adversity is made and projected by the state of mind. He says, "In people or things, there is no such thing as trash" (Morinaga, 96). â€Å"Into the wild† is a story that reveals journey of a man who is from a well known family, Christopher Johnson Mc Candless. He decided to leave everything he had behind, from $25000 savings which he donated , his car which was very

Vertical and horizontal integration strategy Assignment

Vertical and horizontal integration strategy - Assignment Example t the end of this integration is the factory plant at River Rouge, Michigan where all these parts are assembled to become an automobile that will be later distributed in the market and sold. For a time, this strategy became very effective and contributed to Ford’s success. This strategy of vertical integration however eventually became obsolete as supply chain became complex and competition became stiffer. The introduction of new supply chain and inventory control such as Toyota’s Just-in-Time rendered vertical integration out of fashion. The recent recessions also exposed the vulnerability of vertical integration to economic and cyclical downturns. Thus, the strategy evolved to horizontal integration which is more appropriate for its global market. Horizontal integration as a strategy involves the acquisition of the production whose products are the same – either complementary or competitive (www.theeconomist.com, 2009). The classic example of this strategy is buying competitors who sell the same product. In the case of Ford this is the acquisition of Lincoln, Mercury, Mazda, Jaguar, Land rover, Volvo and Aston Martin which was sold as an option of the company’s

Abortion is it The Right Thing to Do Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Abortion is it The Right Thing to Do - Essay Example In the USA, the debate is predominantly between pro-life and pro-choice groups, which oppose and support abortion respectively. The contention in this paper will be to examine both sides of the debate with the intention to determine which side has a more solid argument on the matter. Since the legalization of abortion in 1973, its opponents have brought forward several arguments to protest against it, most of them being based on moral and religious as well as health grounds, and many of these have been and are still quite compelling. One of the most common arguments against abortion is that it is tantamount to murder,and inducing an abortioninvolves ending a human life; this is because most anti-abortionists mostly hold that life begins at conception. Pro-life groups often cite the fact that since there have been over 52 million abortions in the USA alone over the last forty years, abortion has quintessentially claimed more lives than most of the wars in modern times. As such, it is argued that those who procure and provide abortions are in essence conspirators in murder and should get the same treatment meted out to convicted murders. In addition, another reason why abortion is opposed is the danger involved in its procurement, owing to the fact that there are many parts of the world where abortion is either illegal or the facilities are not available. In addition, in comparison with other medical procedures, abortion is often unregulated, and as a result there are many instances of botched up abortions leading to severe complications, especially when it is procured illegally by unqualified personal (Vlassoff et al. 114). Despite the fact that abortions carried out legally and by qualified medical professionals are considered generally safe, it is estimated that since the legalization of abortion in 1973, over 347 women have been killed while undergoing abortion. It has also been speculated that abortion increases one’s risks of getting breast cancer by at least 50 percent in addition to being possible cause of complications and difficulty when giving birth in future. However, as long as abortion is legal and carried out in health facilities, women are informed of all the potential side effects before they agree to the procedure. That way they make an informed decision out of their own free will in more or less the same way the government respects smokers’ right to smoke despite the potential risks (Kilerbert). Pro-lifers have also been very vocal in propagating the argument that abortion is offensive to God, and since he is the only one who can create life, he should be the only one who can take it away; therefore, abortionists try to play God, which is both immoral and sinful. As aforementioned, several of the arguments put forward in opposition of abortion are actually quite tenable; however, they do not tell the whole story and many of them, especially the ones based on religion and morality, are highly subjective and often emotional. For instance, despite the beliefs of several religious organizations that abortion is illegal and despite the fact that none of the religiou s books such as the Bible or the Koran mentions it, not everyone comes from the same religious background or is a believer at all. As such, arguing

Why executive compensation is out of control Essay

Why executive compensation is out of control - Essay Example Many investors in the stock market all over the world believe that executive pay is running out of control. There is worrying trend especially in the United States where the annual salary of an average worker is the amount of money an executive receives in a day. Critics believe that executive bosses are not worth the amount of compensation they receive. Despite falling stock shares in the market, executives still receive large amounts of compensation. Stock market investors believe this should not be happening since their performance does not correspond to earnings. At a moment where recession and unemployment is high in many countries, it does not make economic sense to have executive bosses receive such a large amount of compensation. The excess pay awarded to them should instead be invested in the public sector and this consequently shows how executive bosses have little concern about their countries and the citizens. Economists believe that in order to clear the economic instability being experienced in the world currently, it is important that the pay of executives be tied to performance (Bebchuck, 2010). Most executive bosses control their board of directors hence they still manage to earn exaggerated compensation. The board of directors should however be able to control the compensation got by this executives and their compensation should be tied to performance instead of the power an executive has in the board. This shows how corporate governance is continuously being under rated with a show of little economic sense when just a few people are left to joke around with investor’s interests. The fact that executive compensation is determined by market demand, most executives are continuously receiving an exaggerated compensation in comparison to an average worker. Critics believe that the market forces such as demand and supply should not entirely determine their compensation and it should however

Critical Thinking envi 423 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Critical Thinking envi 423 - Essay Example The US economy and particularly the value of dollar is very much dependent on the oil of the Middle East and this is the reason; she gives priority to Saudi Arabia and Israel in her foreign policy. All the readings provided during this course were marvelous and has the greatest intellect value. Moreover, the course contributed to enhance my world view and helped me to develop the analytical skill to understand the events in details. However, the following three issues contributed significantly to my learning in this course: The present age is called the ‘era of information’. Media that includes television channels, radio, newspapers, magazines, journals and World Wide Web is busy in generating knowledge for viewers, audiences and readers. The media has its own shortcomings and hence it moulds the information as it suits itself or its country. Every piece of reading or broadcast has some sort of information but this cannot be declared authentic or we can call it ‘disinformation’. Resultantly, the world view based on this ‘disinformation’ would definitely lead astray. Junline Assange coined the term ‘scientific journalism’ to deal with this menace but still this is a utopia. prolific speeches by professional orators, logical argumentations and misuse of even true information have become the hall mark of the present day media. Moreover, entertainment industry has become the largest industry of the world and even education is also being imparted through t he modern techniques of entertainment which led to the creation of new term of ‘infotainment’. All this entertainment stuff and dazzling media satisfies the sensory needs of human being and does not invoke contemplation. This fuss will end up with the emergence of psychological problems, and ideological width among human beings. There is a dire need to rein the media as it is taking undue benefit of its liberty under the tag of media freedom. Another issue that contributed

How do large-scale forces shape and constrain people's intimate lives Essay

How do large-scale forces shape and constrain people's intimate lives - Essay Example Mut’a otherwise known as marriage of pleasure or temporary marriage is a pragmatic solution practiced by Shi’ite Muslims in Iran (Shahla). This arrangement permits an unmarried woman and an unmarried man to have intimate relationships. The contract is practical since it is usually encouraged for individuals who do not have necessitates for a binding permanent conjugal arrangement. For instance, widowed or divorced Shi’ites may have this convenient option when they prefer to enjoy momentary intimacies. Moreover, this is also ideal for men who do not have much financial, psychological, as well as moral means to enter permanent marriage. For example, instead of sacrificing moral standards and suffer from taboos and social stigma by engaging in premarital sex, a man can have a sanctioned relationship through temporary marriage. This kind of social viewpoint is most likely inspired by the changes brought about by industrialization, globalization, as well as economy. W ith the modernization comes the evolution of convictions and dematerialization of traditional principles. Nowadays, what is right is â€Å"what works†. Globalization has also affected this change in a way that conservative norms are challenged by more liberal foreign standards. In addition, with the economic crises in various areas and intervals, temporary marriage seems to be more sensible than ceremonially lavishing on an extensive yet unsure matrimony. There is no much commemorating and luxurious rituals for it. In the face of economic pressure, temporary marriage is more logical since there are lesser expenses.... There is no much commemorating and luxurious rituals for it. In the face of economic pressure, temporary marriage is more logical since there are lesser expenses. Similarly, globalization has made it possible for Vietnams to engage in transpacific marriages. â€Å"Globalization rapidly opened impersonal markets of capital, goods and labor, and in conjunction with these markets, it also opened a rather personal market of emotions and marriages† (Constable 149). This social change made it possible for locals to have a way out from the marriage squeeze crisis which is due to an extremely low male to female ration in Vietnam. By getting in touch with Vietnamese males in other countries like the US and Australia, women can have more marriage prospects. In addition, transpacific marriages is also an inviting option for many women due to economic benefits. Normally, men living in other countries have higher economic status and earn in profitable currencies. Hence, transpacific marria ges is made possible through globalization and poses advantages regarding pecuniary challenges. Another issue which is affected by large-scaled changes is masculinity. This aspect has varied interpretations. One common view is associated with aggression, independence, or vitality. â€Å"Penny, like Kate, relies on notion of masculinity as active, not passive† (Elliot 52). This is more of a cliched belief that associates men with the stereotypical attribute of brute strength and assertiveness. â€Å"Some mothers think that sons need more independent of their mothers than daughters do† (Elliot 52). Similarly, stereotypical mind-sets consider women to be dependent

Child developmental Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Child developmental Psychology - Essay Example One glass was tall and skinny and the other was short and fat. I filled both glasses with chocolate milk, pouring more milk into the short fat glass. Then I gave the tall skinny glass to Christopher and placed the short fat glass in front of myself. Before allowing him to drink, I asked him, "Who has more milk, you or me" He eyed the glasses and then confidently said, "I do," referring to his tall skinny glass of milk, whose height of milk was taller than that seen in my short fat glass. I urged him to take a second look at the glasses of milk by asking, "Are you sure" He furrowed his brow and eyed the glasses once again. "Well," he said, "maybe there's more in your glass, since it's wider." I continued with the lesson by placing another short fat glass on the table and asked Christopher to pour his tall skinny glass of milk into the empty glass to find out who really does have more chocolate milk. He slowly poured his glass of milk into the empty short fat glass. Once he was done pouring, he bent down so he was at eye level with the milk levels of the glasses. His eyes widened and he said, "Your glass had more than mine!" Christopher showed classic signs of Piaget's pre-operational stage of cognitive development.

Bus 499 The Learning and Growth Perspective case 4 Essay

Bus 499 The Learning and Growth Perspective case 4 - Essay Example than only focusing on the customer perspective, internal perspective, financial perspective and innovation and learning perspective, it is also very essential that the company incorporates the importance of growth and learning within the company. Johnson believes that the most important quadrant in the balance score card. This is simple because the foundation of future is made strong by trusted people who had a fire to grow. The company serves the niche market for over 5 decades now and has a wide range of customers and a wide market as well. The president of the company, Susan Johnson, focuses on the key that a company’s value id added with the ability to learn and innovate and improve. Thus keeping this in mind Johnson has focused a lot on the business scorecard mainly in the learning sector. Futura’s main focus is on the measurement of the customers the company has. The company focuses on continuous improvements of the competencies within the firm. Also the company aims at providing the employees with a safe, challenging and positive working environment. The company aims at ensuring that all the people hired within the company have a shared values as that of the company and have a drive and fire within themselves to contribute to the company by learning, innovating and working towards ensuring the goals of the company (Johnson, 2003). The company’s mission is ‘Extraordinary Value through Extrusions’, to ensure this is achieved the company works with its employees and expects them to contribute to the success of the company as well as the customers. The company takes a number of measures to ensure that only the right candidates are chosen for the company. This is because of the fact that the employees play a very important role both for the company success as well the success of customers. To ensure the company is well balanced the company has introduced a number of different programs, like the annual performance, birthday reviews, certifications,

Difficulties disabling growth of market oriented system in China Essay Example for Free

Difficulties disabling growth of market oriented system in China Essay Difficulties disabling growth of market oriented system in China Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The total achievements of the ongoing social economic reforms in china are very astounding, China from among the poorest nations up to 1976 when Mao Zedong died. Since then, the economy of china has grown rapidly to assume the second position of the biggest economy in the. The rapid growth of the china’s economy has brought sufficient resources to the government to further development and also has rescued million citizens from abject poverty. It is amazing to see the success and speed of the china miracle. The rapid development in china has attracted attentions worldwide in the recent years. The consequences of various aspects of the rise of china ,starting from its military muscles and expanding influence to its expanding energy supply demand, are be mostly debated within china and the international community. Thus it is crucial to correctly comprehend the achievement of china and its wide path toward higher development (Harry J Waters, 1997).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   China has continuously faced many challenges to accomplish its performance in developing as in other developed states. Since 2001, commercial banks have been poorly allocating its funds disorderly. This has been a severe problem in china. The Chinese banking system has been a problem on the way has allocated funds.. The private business has relied on the informal finance for a long time. This has affected the success of the private sector. This situation is caused not only by banking system but also is due to capital market. The banks could have solved this challenge if it had lent out loans to the private sectors enterprises with a reasonable interest rate. The lack of reliable corporate credit information made it difficult for commercial banks to assess the risk of lending the loans (Wang, 1990).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The china government improved the legal environment, which occurred remarkably. China made changes to this legal system in accordance with the country’s accession. Even though, the law was so good in the country did not mean that market system was in phase. In fact, the banking system was deteriorating on the way was performing their duties. The senior executive specified some issues basing his argument on banking sector such as absence of regulations and rules on credit registry, the underdeveloped businesses liquidation law, the inability in criminal investigation for financial theft and irregularities(Rotberg, 2008). The PBC senior executive also launched the study project with association of World Bank and other monetary financial institutions (Wang, 1990). The main task was to propose a series of reforms to attain a new framework on the market system. The private sectors concerning the law on the banking system proceeded to the court with an aim to get loans from commercial banks with reasonable interest rates (Wang, 1990). This did not even succeed as planned by the complaints.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nowadays when the commercial banks require enforcing their bill of rights to the collateral, they face many challenges. This occurs when they try to register some projects system, which they have to intervene with the court. The banks lack motivation of reconciliation therefore has to intervene with the court. They usually face trouble enforcing court decisions due to local government interference (Rotberg, 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   China has faced numerous challenges affecting the whole government and even the development of the country. In china, there has been fraud reports and corruption in banking sector. It is not of necessity whether financial frauds are on the increase or whether more crimes are reported and uncovered. There are three main challenges facing the banking system in China, which are high-technologically financial offences; the use of criminally obtained money to corrupt officials in order to run away punishment and to keep away from regulation, and funds crimes report with a more sophisticated means, global focus. The Chinese government is increasing institutional mechanisms for exposing and eradicating financial crime. This has been a prolonged challenge of fraud and corruption affecting the banking system in China (Wang, 1990).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Chinese commercial banks’ strength to vie with foreign banks was posed in the context of three areas. These areas are in the domestic financial markets, in the open and developed domestic markets for future, and in world markets. Therefore, this is not easy for foreign banks to enter into the Chinese market. Banks involve in local currency where its mission does not move forward. This is much more expensive than simply opening branches (Rotberg, 2008). This affected the market oriented system negatively.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   China indeed has achieved most of the objectives it set in 1978.it has improved significantly the well being of the citizens although it’s economic development has often been uneven and narrow. The last twenty seven years of growth and reforms has presented to the world the size of its, labour force, purchasing, creativity, commitment to development and the level of national cohesion. The contribution of china to the whole world as a way of growth will be ground breaking after mobilization of all of its resources. China has struggled with economic development mostly because of its population since a small challenge in its social development or economic when spread over a vast population become a huge problem. The most important strategic choice the government of china has made was to accept the economic globalization instead of separating itself from it .during 1970s the great signs of economic globalization and technological revolu tion was unfolding with huge momentum when Beijing held the trend and overturned the practices of Cultural Revolution (Kiichiro Fakasaku et al , 1999).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Based on the judgment of the development, the president of china alongside other great leaders in the government chose to take up the historic chance and shift the focus of their undertakings on the domestic development and hence tapping in to the international ones .they enforced the system of household contracting in the rural areas hence opening up fourteen coastal cities thus bringing in the economic period take off. Once again, china invoked a strategic because of the financial crisis that was rampant in. Asia and the continued struggles against globalization the decision of china to take part in economic globalization that it was facing was a great challenge .by clearly considering the advantages and the disadvantages related to economic openness and getting lessons from the history, the leaders in china decided to expanded china even more by deepening home economic reforms and world trade organization   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The leadership of china has been striving to improve the relation with the whole world as their pursue their objective of rising in peace despite the downs and up the relationship of china and the united states for many years together with other dramatic alterations in the worldwide politics like the death of the soviet union. The leader in china has stuck to the fact that there are more good opportunities than problems for china in the international market today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With respect to the strategic plans of china, it will take 45 years from today before it can be termed a modernized, medium level grown country. China will encounter several challenges before it get to 2050 mostly because of it’s over population, environmental pollution and lack of coordination among the two key factors of economic and social development. Another great challenge chain must encounter is clearly shown in series of tension that the government officials must deal with. The most common one are the gross domestic product growth and also social progress, between increasing job opportunities and upgrading technology, also the leaders are not sure whether to foster urbanization or expanding agricultural areas and others .to be able to solve all these dilemmas successfully, several properly coordinated policies are required to foster development which is more balanced and faster.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   China is continuously losing its ample due to economic development and erosion that has swept the most top layer which is essential for crop production. The government of china is looking forward to add more energy creation capacity from other sources apart from oil and coal and is shifting their focus more on alternative energy development and nuclear sources. The major problem which are associated with setting up nuclear facilities and to maintain them .they are charged with the responsibility of putting heavy boundary the prevent radiation leakage which otherwise would cause terminal diseases such as cancer. Several other factors are converging to decelerate the growth and development .the debt overhang resulting from the stimulus program, slow recovery of the partners trading with china and industrial overcapacity. The economic growth in china has benefited eastern and the southern region more than the region. This has led north to inc reased disparity between south and north .the agricultural activity in has been left behind. Many farmers are struggling to make cater for their daily bread. Consequently this kind of imbalance has favored migration of workers to south china. It is struggling hard to fix this regional inequality (Shahid Yusuf, 2008). References Fukasaku, K., Mello, L. R., Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Decentralisation, Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations and Macroeceonomic Governance. (1999). Fiscal decentralisation in emerging economies: Governance issues. Paris: OECD. Waters, H. J. (1997). Chinas economic development strategies for the 21st century. Westport, Conn: Quorum Books. Yusuf, S., Saich, T. (2008). China urbanizes: Consequences, strategies, and policies. Washington, D.C: World Bank. Dorn, J. A., Wang, X., UniversiteÃŒ  de Fudan (Shanghai, Chine), Cato institute (Washington, D.C.). (1990). Economic reform in China: Problems and prospects. Chicago: University of Chicago press. Rotberg, R. I. (2008). China into Africa: Trade, aid, and influence. Washington, D.C: Brookings Institution Press. Source document

Modeling CALL programs in EFL Flipped Classrooms

Modeling CALL programs in EFL Flipped Classrooms Modeling CALL programs in EFL Flipped Classrooms  to Enhance Achievement and Language Learning Attitude Abstract Computer software has been widely used for teaching English language in flipped classrooms. The present study supplied a practical example of integrating Computer-Assisted language Learning (CALL) programs in English courses to flip the teaching process. The kind of CALL integration addressed in this study has allowed much more flexibility in delivering instruction to diverse groups of English learners or at best, to implement individualized instruction. Examples of modeling CALL programs in teaching listening, pronunciation, reading, writing, and vocabulary were implemented in this study. Sixty students (30 control group and 30 experimental group) studying at King Marriott Higher Institute for computer participated in this study. The control group studied through the regular non-flipped classroom while the experimental group studied through implementing CALL programs to flip the classroom. Following the Quasi experimental pre-post design the study was conducted during the first seme ster of the academic year 2016-2017. The results of the study showed that CALL programs in flipped classrooms have improved the students language learning attitude and averaged examination scores to a statistically significant extent. Key words: CALL, flipped classroom, attitude, individualized instruction 1. Background Introduction to CALL What is CALL? The acronym CALL represents a term that stands for Computer-Assisted Language Learning. It refers to manipulating computers in language teaching and learning. Traditionally, it is used as a means of teaching and assessing particular language items. Following the traditional CALL process, the learners are first introduced a rule and different examples, then, they practice varied exercises to test their knowledge of the rule and finally, the computer gives appropriate feedback and awards marks in records to be later checked by the teacher. Levy and Hubbard (2005) define CALL as the field that is concerned with how the computer mediates between the language learner and language learning objectives (figure 1). Figure 1. Levy and Hubbards 2005 conceptualization of CALL Levy (1997, p. 1) defines Computer-assisted Language Learning (CALL) as the search for and the study of computer applications in language teaching and learning. Beatty (2003, p. 7) gives a broad definition of what may go on in computer-assisted language learning (CALL), Beatty gives a definition of CALL that accommodates its changing nature that is any process in which a learner uses a computer and, as a result, improves his or her language. Furthermore, CALL includes issues of material, design, technologies, pedagogical theories and of instruction modes. CALL materials include those which are mainly made for language learning and those which adapt the existing computer-based materials, e.g. video and other materials (Beatty, 2003, pp. 7-8). The History of CALL For more than three decades, computers have been used in language teaching. Three main stages represent the history of CALL: Behaviouristic CALL, Communicative CALL and Integrative CALL (Warschauer Healey, 1998). Each stage corresponds to a certain pedagogical approach. Behaviouristic CALL Influenced by audio-lingual teaching method, Behaviouristic CALL was emerged in the late 1960s and used widely in the 1970s. This stage was characterized by using repetitive language drills, known as drill-and practice. The computer represented a mechanical tutor that never allowed students to work individually, which in turn inhibited motivation. It also implied using extensive drills, grammatical explanations and translation (Warschauer Healey, 1998). Communicative CALL The Communicative CALL initiated in the 1980s after rejecting the behavioristic approach to language teaching theoretically and pedagogically. At this time, personal computers were paving the way for students to work individually at schools. Corresponded to cognitive theories, Communicative CALL considered learning as a process of discovery, expression and development. Advocates of Communicative CALL debated that computer based activities should focus more on using communication forms. Furthermore, software including simulations and text reconstruction program was widely used and developed in this period. Therefore, Communicative CALL focused on what the students did with each other while working at the computer rather than what they did with the computer. Interactive CALL Interactive CALL replaced communicative CALL which began to be criticized by the 1990s. Thus, teachers used more social and learner-centered methods in a response to new second language acquisition theories and socio-cognitive trends. Language learning in authentic social contexts was emphasized at this time. Content-based project-based and task-based approaches were applied to integrate learners in authentic environments, and to integrate and use various skills of language learning. In such integrative approaches, learners try to use a variety of technological tools and progress a continuing process of language learning instead visiting the computer lab once a week for conducting separated exercises. Types of CALL Programs Davies, Hewer, Rendall, and Walker, (2004) divide CALL programs into: Specific CALL software: They are specific language learning programs designed to develop, facilitate the language learning process, like language learning CDs, language learning websites and quizzes. Generic software: They are general computer software designed for general purposes, like word-processors, presentation software, and spreadsheet, that can be used in language learning. Web-based language programs: They are online language learning programs like concordancers, online dictionaries, online encyclopedias, news/magazine sites, etc. Computer-mediated communication (CMC): programs for online oral and written communication like email programs, online asynchronous and synchronous chat, discussion forum, etc. Warschauer (1996) divides CALL programs and applications into two main categories; computer as tutor programs and computer as tool programs. Computer as a tutor refers to CALL programs designed for teaching grammar, listening, pronunciation, reading, text reconstruction, vocabulary and writing. Computer as a tool refers to the most common use of a computer as a tool, and probably the usual use of computer programs for language learning, as word processing programs, grammar checkers, concordancers and collaborative writing. Advantages of computer in language teaching and learning Teaching and learning technologies become one of the most effective areas in the educational system, especially in language learning (Reinders and Thomas, 2012). Today the number of teachers and students using computers and the Internet to teach/learn a second language has increased due to the technology advances (Han, 2008). In order to analyze the advantage of using computer in language learning, Li-Yun Lu and Tang (1996) divide the advantages into three types: the inherent nature of the computer; The benefit of the teacher; the benefit of the learner. The inherent nature of the computer The computer can handle a much wider range of activities, and much more powerfully, than other technological aids. It offers a two-way learning session with the student. The computer can assess the students response. It can also display messages, take the student through subsequent attempts at a question, and even take the student to a different section of package, depending on the nature of the response. The benefit of the teacher The computer presents several aspects of particular promise. Prominent among these is its versatility in handling different kinds of material. For example, the simplest is the one-way presentation of information, in the form of text, graphics, audio and video. Also, the computer can handle question-and-answer routines, simulated dialogues, hypothesis testing, and many other types of exercises. The benefit of the learner The computer also offers many advantages for the learner. Access is one of the benefits. The computer offers the student the choice of when to study particular topics and how long to spend on them. The flexibility makes many educational courses accessible to students who would otherwise have no chance to take them. It is not a dream to make the distance teaching. Many computers can be linked by telephone on special landlines. Alternatively, teachers can send tapes or discs of their materials through the post. Whatever the factors of time and distance, the computer retains its potential for personalized instruction. There is no low attention period as the student waits for his or her turn to come round in class. On the contrary, each student has the computers full attention and can work at the speed best suited to the individual. Flipped Classrooms What is a flipped classroom? The flipped classroom is a recent model of pedagogy in which the regular lecture and assignment elements of a course are reversed. In other words, activities that have traditionally taken place inside the classroom now take place outside the classroom and vice versa. For instance, instead of having lectures during sessions at university, students gather the information largely outside of sessions, by reading, watching videos and listening to podcasts or other audio format (Centre for Academic Development and Quality, 2016). Tucker (2012) adds there is more than one model for flipping the classroom, the core idea is to flip the regular instructional approach: with the help of teacher-created videos and interactive lessons, instruction that used to take place in class is now accessed at home, in advance of class. The classroom becomes a place to deal with problems, advance concepts, and to engage in collaborative and active learning. In contrast to the lecture format, in flipped classrooms the role of the lecturer changes from being a presenter of content to a learning coach. Bergmann, Overmyer and Willie (2011) state that the lecturer is no longer the sage on the stage but the guide on the side. Students become active learners instead of relying on the lecturer as the disseminator of knowledge. Advantages of the flipped classrooms Flipped classrooms have may learning advantages related to sustainable learning, engagement and interaction. Bergmann, Overmeyer and Willie (2011) include several advantages for the Flipped classroom: 1- lifelong learning: learners depend on CALL programs to learn the content before coming to classrooms. Such method of acquiring knowledge, is a lifelong learning skill. 2- Material engagement: in classroom learners complete different active learning exercises that reflect the applications, implications and controversies associated with the material. This engagement highlights the importance of the material in the learners everyday lives and helps them relate to the topics. 3- interaction between learners and faculty: class periods are specified to interactions among the learners. This strategy shifts the focus of learners from the front of the classroom. The flipped classroom moves the faculty teacher from the stage to one-on-one interacting with the students. 2. Method 2.1. Participants and location The study was conducted at the King, Marriott Higher Institute for Computer Science, Alexandria, Egypt during the first semester of the academic year 2016-2017. 60 students (30 control group and 30 experimental group) participated in the study. 2.3. Treatment Two units from CommercialTechnical English Terminology Textbookà ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  were used in this study (Unit 1: Introduction into Business English and Unit 2: Recruitment). The control group studied the two units through the regular non-flipped classroom. The experimental group studied the units through implementing CALL programs to flip the classroom. The researchers introduced the proposed CALL programs and how to use them during the introductory session. 2.4. Instruments 2.4.1. Achievement Test The researchers conducted an achievement test to assess the participants performance. The test is composed of three parts; the first evaluates communication skills, the second assesses vocabulary acquisition and the third is reading comprehension. (appendix I). 2.4.2. Attitude Survey To assess the participants attitudes toward the flipping classrooms in English language learning, the researchers conducted an attitude survey (appendix II). The researchers followed Lickerts 5 range scale in conducting the survey. 3. Results 3.1. Achievement Hypothesis One There is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group students and that of the control group in the post application the achievement test in favor of the experimental group students. To verify the validity of the previous hypothesis independent samples t-test was used. Table (1) shows the significance of difference between the mean scores of the control and the experimental group students in post-testing. Table 1 Significance of difference between the mean scores of the experimental and the control group students in post- testing Group Mean Std. Deviation Levenes Test df t Sig. Control 13.4 1.79 F Sig. 58 5.35 .001 Experimental 15.7 1.57 .31 .57 The data presented in table (1) reveals that Levenes Test F (Equality of Variances) equals 0.31 which is significant at 0.57, t value is (5.35) and significant at 0.001, and df equals 58 which means that there is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the control and experimental group in post-testing. 3.2. Attitudes Hypothesis two: Participants have positive attitudes toward flipped classrooms in English language learning. Results of attitude survey are presented in the following table. Table 2 Students attitudes toward flipping the classrooms in English language learning Statement Strongly agree Agree Indecisive Disagree Strongly disagree 1. The flipped strategy helped me to study individually according to my pace. No.12 (41.4%) No.13 (44.8%) No.3 (10.3%) No.1 (3.4%) No.0 (0%) 2. The flipped strategy attracted me to study more outside the classroom. No.11 (36.7%) No.14 (46.7%) No.3 (10%) No.2 (6.7%) No.0 (0%) 3. The flipped strategy helped me to get more knowledge and information. No.9 (30%) No.15 (50%) No.5 (16.7%) No.1 (3.3%) No.0 (0%) 4. In-class activities enhanced what I studied outside the classroom. No.9 (30%) No.16 (53.3%) No.5 (16.7%) No.0 (0%) No.0 (0%) 5. In-class activities make the teacher available to answer questions. No.18 (60%) No.11 (36.7%) No.0 (0%) No.1 (3.3%) No.0 (0%) 6.Working with colleagues collaboratively in class makes me more active. No.9 (30%) No.16 (53.3%) No.4 (13.3%) No.1 (3.3%) No.0 (0%) Close inspection of the data presented in the previous table reveals that the participants have positive attitudes toward flipping the classrooms in English language learning. 4. Discussion The researchers implemented different CALL programs in this study like Natural Reader, Corpus concordancing, online listening Lab and PowerPoint presentations. The selected training units were explained and presented through PowerPoint program and were given to the experimental group students to be studied outside the classroom. Also, the experimental group students were trained during the introductory session on a cocordancing program for enhancing vocabulary acquisition and the natural reader program for developing reading skills. Experimental group students were trained to study the proposed units outside the classroom and to practice different activities in the classroom to enhance what they have studied. On the other hand the control group students studied with the regular method, i.e. explanation in the classroom and activities outside the classroom. After finishing the treatment (2 units) both the experimental and the control group students sat for an achievement test and the experimental group students completed an attitude survey related to the flipped classrooms. The mean scores of the control and the experimental group were 13.4 and 15.7. The results of the achievement test highlights the effectiveness of flipping the classrooms. Furthermore, the results of the survey proved that experimental group students agreed upon flipping the classrooms. References Beatty, K. (2003). Teaching and researching computer-assisted language learning. New York: Longman. Bergmann, J., Overmyer, J., and Willie, B. (2011). The flipped class: What it is and What it is not. The Daily Riff. Retrieved from http://www.thedailyriff.com/ articles/the-flipped-class-conversation-689.php. Centre for Academic Development and Quality (2016). CADQ Guide: The flipped classroom. Nottingham Trent University. Retrieved from www.ntu.ac.uk/cadq Davies, G., Hewer, S., Rendall, H., Walker, R. (2004). ICT4LT Module 1.4: Introduction to computer assisted language learning (CALL). http://www. ict4lt.org/en/en_mod1-4.html. Han, W. (2008). Benefits and barriers of computer assisted language learning and teaching. US-China Foreign Language, 6(9), 40-43. Levy, M. (1997) CALL: Context and conceptualization. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Levy, M. and Hubbard, P. (2005). Why call CALL CALL? Computer Assisted Language Learning. Vol. 18, No. 3. Li-Yun Lu and Tang, F (1996). Computer-Assisted Language Learning. NYU School of Education Department of Teaching and Learning-Multilingual Multicultural Studies TESOL. Reinders, H., Thomas, M. (2012). Contemporary computer assisted language learning. Retrieved from http://www.eblib.com. Tucker, B. (2012). The Flipped Classroom. Education Next. Retrieved from www. educationnext.org. Warschauer M. (1996) Computer Assisted Language Learning: an Introduction.In Fotos S. (ed.) Multimedia language teaching, Tokyo: Logos International: 3-20. Warschauer, M., Healey, D. 1998. Computers and language learning: an overview. Language teaching forum. 31, Pp.57-71. Appendices Appendix I Achievement Test I- Complete the following conversation. (7 pts) Operator: Hello, Frank and Brothers company, ? John: This is John Robert. Can I have extension 3421? Operator: Certainly, . . David: Jack Richardsons office, David speaking. John: John Robert calling, is. ? David: Imsorry hes out at the moment. Can ? John: Yes, Could you ask him to . at 9147 6320. Its urgent. David: Could you the number please? John: Yes, thats 9147 6320, and this is John Robert. David: Thank you Mr Robert, Ill make message. John: Thanks, bye. David: Good bye. II- Insert the following words in the gaps in the text below. (9 pts) Many People looking for work read the . advertised in newspapers by companies and. . To reply to an adevertisment it is to for a job. You fill the companys., and send it along with your CV and You often have to give the names of two.. . If your qualifications match the , you might be. , i.e. selected to attend an.. . III- Read the following extract, then answer the questions. (4 pts) Business is an organized approach to providing customers with different products and services they need. Also word business refers to an organization that provides these products and services. Businesses in general seek to make a profit i.e., they aim to achieve revenues that exceed the costs of operating the business. Prominent examples of for-profit businesses include Mitsubishi Group, General Motors Corporation, and Royal Dutch/Shell Group. However, some businesses only seek to earn enough to cover their operating costs. Commonly called nonprofits, these organizations are primarily nongovernmental service providers. Examples of nonprofit businesses include such organizations as social service agencies, foundations, advocacy groups, and many hospitals. Answer the following questions. 1- Define business and its main aim. 2- Show the difference between profit and nonprofit business. 3- Mention two examples of nonprofit organizations. 4- Propose a suitable title to the extract. Appendix II Attitude Survey Choose the response that best reflects your attitude 1. The flipped strategy helped me to study individually according to my pace. Strongly agree Agree Indecisive Disagree Strongly disagree 2. The flipped strategy attracted me to study more outside the classroom. Strongly agree Agree Indecisive Disagree Strongly disagree 3. The flipped strategy helped me to get more knowledge and information. Strongly agree Agree Indecisive Disagree Strongly disagree 4. In-class activities enhanced what I studied outside the classroom. Strongly agree Agree Indecisive Disagree Strongly disagree 5. In-class activities make the teacher available to answer questions. Strongly agree Agree Indecisive Disagree Strongly disagree 6. Working with colleagues collaboratively in class makes me more active. Strongly agree Agree Indecisive Disagree Strongly disagree à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚  This book is compiled and supplemented by one of the researchers (Dr. ayman Elesery).

Contemporary Issues in Criminology

Contemporary Issues in Criminology Critically discuss its theoretical underpinnings and evaluate whether this theoretical approach serves as a useful explanation of criminal behavior in modern Britain. The idea of cultural criminology indicates both exact viewpoints and extensive orientations that have come forward in criminology, sociology, and criminal justice over the past few years. More distinctively, cultural criminology stands for a perception performed by Ferrell Sanders (1995), and equally in employment by Redhead (1995) and others (Kane 1998) interlinks prà ©cised academic threads to discover the meeting of cultural and criminal procedures in current social life. Cultural criminology sees the sights of the numerous traditions in which cultural dynamics interlink with the performances of crime and crime control in contemporary social arrangement; put in a different way, cultural criminology lays emphasis on the centrality of meaning and demonstration in the structure of crime as temporary occasion, sub cultural effort, and social issue. From this view, the suitable topic material of criminology goes beyond traditional ideas of crime and crime causation to contain images of illegal behavior and representative displays of law enforcement; accepted culture constructions of crime and criminal act; and the mutual sentiment that animate criminal events, awareness of criminal risk, and public labors at crime control. This widespread cultural focal point, cultural criminologists argue, permits academics and the public identical to better appreciate crime as significant human activity, and to break through more intensely the contested politics of crime control. At a basic stage cultural criminology incorporates in this way the imminent of sociological criminology with the directions on the way to the representation and mode accessible by the field of cultural studies. Inside this extensive union of the criminological and the cultural, though, cultural criminology has come out from a quite more multifaceted co-evolution of sociology, criminology, and cultural analysis. An essential first point in this emergence is the job of academics related with the Birmingham School of cultural studies, the National Deviancy Conference, and the â€Å"new criminology† in Great Britain throughout the 1970s. Reconceptualizing the character of modern power, these academics discovered the cultural and ideological extents of social class, observed relaxation worlds and prohibited subcultures as sites of stylized conflict and alternative sense, and investigated the mediated ideologies motivating social and lawful control. Any regulation that is living and affluent is a topic to ordinary processes of regeneration and refreshment. Criminology is the alike. It has had its humanist Marxist, feminist, and rationalist, between other reappearances and is presently bein g delighted to one more ‘paradigm shift’ in the shape of a self-styled ‘cultural criminology’. A current unique issue is Theoretical Criminology (2004), which was dedicated to the appearance and predictions of this new kid on the rational block. According to Hayward and Young’s opening essay of the particular topic, cultural criminology is: ‘the placing of crime and its control in the background of culture; that is, observing both crime and the organization of control as cultural products –as inspired creations. (Hayward and Young 2004: 259). The latest criminology’s focal point on top of all on the method in which human actors generate meaning and try to find to use this diagnostic focal point to discover the attractions of disobedience or rule contravention activity (ibid.: 260, 266). Casting its academic custom back to 1960’s radicalism and the concentration to strangers and unusual subcultures towards which that radical ism leaned in criminological job. Certainly cultural criminology describes it self as, and revels in, working ‘at the edges of ‘conventional criminology, for two purposes, firstly, because ‘it is here, in these forgotten gaps that the feature of crime so often opens out, and secondly for the reason that conventional criminology is conquered by ‘managerial rationalization and statistical difficulty. Certainly, whether criminology actually does present a new rational attempt rather than a reasonable amplification of earlier work on unusual subcultures is it self arguable –admirable of a split paper and an appropriate chronological likeness. There are connections between crime and culture. Criminal behavior is, more regularly than not, subcultural behavior. From the interactionist criminology of the Chicago School and Edwin Sutherland to the subcultural theories of Cohen, Cloward and Ohlin, and others, criminologists have long accredited that events and i ndividualities named criminal are classically produced inside the limitations of unusual and criminal subcultures. In this sense, a lot of what we acquire to be crime is fundamentally communal behavior; whether carried out by one person or lots of; exacting criminal acts are habitually prepared within and initiated by subcultural crowd. Despite the fact that the limitations/boundaries may stay ill-defined, and the relationship may shift in unpleasant numbers and stage of assurance, these subcultures compose ultimate human links for those who partake in them. Biker, hustler, Blood and Crip, pimp and prostitute all name subcultural networks as much as individual personalities. Since Sutherland and the Chicago School identified a half century ago, and as immeasurable case studies have since established, criminal subcultures integrate way further than easy immediacies of private relationship. To have a word of a criminal subculture is to distinguish not only an organization of people, but a set of connections of symbols, denotation, and awareness. Components of a criminal subculture are taught and discuss â€Å"intentions, force, rationalizations, and attitudes; expand detailed conventions of language, look, and appearance of self; and in so doing contribute, to better or minor grades, in a subculture, a combined way of life. A large number of this subcultural meaning, exploit, personality, and condition is planned around style, that is, something like the common aesthetic of the subcultures members. As previous researchers have established, delicacies of cooperative style describe the sense of crime and deviance for subcultural contestantants, manager of legal control, clients of arbitrated crime descriptions, and others. If we are to understand both the terror and the plea of skinheads, Bloods and Crips, graffiti writers, zoot suiters, impolite boys, drug users, and others, we have to be able to make sense not only of their criminal acts, but of their group aesthetics as well. Katzs study, for instance, has related criminal acts and aesthetics by investigating the styles and symbolic meanings which appear inside the daily dynamics of criminal proceedings and criminal subcultures. By paying attention to dark sunglasses and white undershirts, to accurate styles of walking, talking, and if not introducing ones criminal character, Katz has outlined the alternative deviant culture, the coherent deviant ‘a ‘esthetic in which badasses, cholos, punks, youth gang members, and others take part. In these cases, as in other models of crime on and off the street, the significance of criminality is secured in the style of its collective performance. The bikers ritually rebuild motorbike, the gang members sports clothing and tattoos, the graffiti writers strange street pictures, and the skinheads aggressively challenging music compose the vital cultural and subcultural equipment out of which criminal schemes and criminal individuals are raised and demonstrated. For once more, contribution in a criminal subculture, or in the culture of crime, funds participation in the symbolism and style, the shared aesthetic atmosphere, of criminality. From earlier on labor within the British cultural studies tradition to Katz and more modern criminologists, studies have exposed that representation( symbolism) and style not only form criminal subcultures, but interlink with the wider social and official associations in which these subcultures are wedged. Criminal subcultures and their styles both breed out of class, age, gender, ethnic, and legal differences, and by turns duplicate and oppose these social mistake lines. And this interaction of subcultural style, difference, and power in turn reminds us of Beckers classic criminological command, that we must observe not only criminal subcultures, but the lawful and political authorities who build these subcultures as criminal. When we do, we find these authorities both acting in response to subcultural styles, and themselves utilizing symbolic and stylistic approaches of their own in opposition to them. The criminalization attempts of legal and political supporters show again the control of cultural forces; in criminalizing cultural and subcultural actions, and campaigning for communal support, ethical capitalists and legal auth orities influence legal and political structures, but conceivably more so structures of mass symbolism and perception. To appreciate the actuality of crime and criminalization, subsequently, a cultural criminology ought to report not only for the dynamics of criminal subcultures, but for the dynamics of the gathered media too. Nowadays, arbitrated pictures of crime and criminal violent behavior wash over us in wave after wave, and in so doing help form public insights and strategies in look upon crime. But obviously these modern cases constructed on prior arbitrated structures of crime and control. The criminalization of marijuana in the United States a half century ago was forecasted on an attempt to awaken the public to the threat dealing with it by means of `a didactic campaign recitations the drug, its recognition, and evil consequences. Forceful gang behavior and police attack on zoot suiters in the 1940s were assault by the increase of an unmistakably hostile symbol in Los Angeles newspapers. In the mid-1960s, shocking media reports of rape and assault placed the circumstance for a permissible campaign in opposition to the Hells Angels; and at approximately the matching time, lawful harassments on British mods and rockers were lawful throughout the medias consumption of sensitive symbols.† In the 1970s, the mutual relations amid the British mass media and criminal justice system formed a discernment that mugging was a terrifying new injures of crime. And throughout the 1980s and untimely 1990s, mediated horror legends justified wars on drugs, gangs, and graffiti in the United States, and shaped instants of mediated moral panic over child cruelty and child pornography in Great Britain. This development away from penal borders, this combination of conflicting scholarly viewpoints, this centered on positioned cultural dynamics, all naming prospects not only for a serious cultural criminology, but a kind of postmodern cultural criminology on top. Current social, feminist, and cultural speculations are increasingly moving further than penal restrictions and distinct classes to generate artificial, postmodern outlooks on social and cultural life. Despite the fact that patent by their assorted and different components, these perceptions allocate some wide-ranging thoughts, between them the concept that the on a daily basis culture of persons and groups integrates commanding and contradictory extent of style and sense. The symbolism and style of social interaction, the culture of everyday life, in this way materializes a contested political ground, representing samples of dissimilarity, supremacy, and opportunity. And these samples are in turn tangled with superior struct ures of mediated information and amusement, cultural manufacture and expenditure, and official and political authority. Seeing that the type of cultural criminology outlined here expands, it can incorporate criminology keen on these artificial lines of located inquest now rising under large captions like postmodernism and cultural studies. Cultural criminology therefore offers criminologists the chance to improve their own perceptions and perspectives on crime with approaching from other disciplines, whilst at the same time providing for their social group in cultural studies, the sociology of culture, media studies, and somewhere else priceless prospects on crime, criminalization, and their association to cultural and political procedures. Meandering or breaching the limitations of criminology in sort to create a cultural criminology in this sense destabilizes contemporary criminology less than it increases and enlivens it. Cultural criminology expands criminologys field to compris e worlds predictably measured external to it: gallery art, trendy music, media companies and texts, style. In the equal way, it institutes criminology into contemporary arguments over these worlds, and labels criminological points of view as crucial to them. The particular relations between culture and crime, and the wider relationship among criminology and contemporary social and cultural life, are both explained within cultural criminology. References: Ferrell J. (1999) Cultural Criminology, pages 395-418, Annual Review Of Sociology. Vol.25 http://www.albany.edu/scj/jcjpc/vol3is2/culture.html http://www.culturalcriminology.org/ O’ BRIEM, M. (2005) what is cultural about cultural criminology? British Journal Criminology, [Online] Available: URL: E:UniModulesWhat is Cultural About Cultural Criminology O’Brien 45 (5) 599 British Journal of Criminology.htm [1

Poe and Morrison Transformed Jalopies into Hot Rods Essay -- Poetry A

The subconscious is said to control various aspects of the life of a human to include major and minor decisions alike; whether to follow the path carved out so cautiously by others or to forge a unique path and travel it fiercely with reckless abandon and ambition guided by extreme individuality. What is this perplexing, intangible thing we call the subconscious? And what role does it play in the writing process of a poet? In general, when given the task of defining the subconscious, the initial impulse is to provide an ordinary idea such as, â€Å"one’s natural instinct that lies beneath the actively aware mind and its intentional thoughts†; however, what if the subconscious is something more? What if the subconscious is actually the culmination of all life experiences up to a specific point in time and this culmination is the true vehicle of the poet’s thoughts? This culmination is the vehicle that drives these thoughts from the subconscious to the conscious, from the pen to the paper and to their final destination that is termed poetry. If the latter is accepted then it is certainly safe to say that both Edgar Allan Poe and Jim Morrison’s vehicles had a few dents and dings, maybe even a crack in the windshield, but they managed to turn these beaters into high performance sleepers. Both Poe and Morrison faced premature emotional distress, gaunt paternal connections, and parallel views on the process of writing poetry; all of which became the catalysts of recurring dark, shocking and unconventional themes in their poetry. Edgar Allan Poe and Jim Morrison experienced traumatic events involving death at a young age. Poe was orphaned twice, once at the tender age of two when his mother Eliza Poe fell ill and passed away, and again wh... ... rigors of prudish societies, to push reputation aside in hopes of revealing unpopular perspectives on the realities of life. Whatever the case may be the truth of the matter is that both Morrison and Poe were able to harness the magnificent talent of turning not so favorable life experiences into brilliant, unforgettable and timeless poetry. Works Cited Ackroyd, Peter. Poe: A Life Cut Short. New York: Nan A. Talese/Doubleday, 2008. Print. Hopkins, Jerry. The Lizard King: The Essential Jim Morrison. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1992. Print. Hutchisson, James M. Poe. Jackson: University of Mississippi, 2005. Print. Poe, Edgar Allan, and Thomas Ollive Mabbott. Complete Poems. Urbana: University of Illinois, 2000. Print. Riordan, James, and Jerry Prochnicky. Break on Through: The Life and Death of Jim Morrison. New York: Morrow, 1991. Print.

crtical thinking paper -- essays research papers

There is a South African Proverb that states "Until lions write books, history will always glorify the hunter". In his play "Los Vendidos", Luis Valdez tries to become a lion and let the voice of Chicano history be heard. Luis Valdez does this in a satirical way by presenting the views and stereotypes that many American’s have had and continue to have, about Chicano’s in the form of a shop where Chicano "model/robots" are sold. By presenting each Chicano as a robot and stereotype, Luis Valdez tries to earse of the "models" of Chicano’s that people have in their heads and tries to point out that there is a strong Chicano culture and a rich history that has been ignored by American’s for years. "Los Vendidos" is a challenge to all people but especially American’s to think about why these stereotypes are so known in culture and the role that American culture has played in creating and maintaining these stereotypes. One of the first things that Ms. Jimanez, the American woman "buying" a Chicano model/robot, looks at is the skin color. When the salesman, Mr. Sancho shows her the Indian model she says that he is too dark. She specifies that she is looking for a lighter shade of skin color, or as she says "perhaps beige". Her looking for a lighter shade of Mexican is a representation of what was known as the process of Americanization. Americanization was defined "as the securing through instruction such reactions on the part of non-Americans that they will accept and practice those ideals, customs, methods of living, skills and knowledge that have come to be accepted as representative of the best in American life†¦." For many people there was a belief that the darkness of a person’s skin had a direct correlation with their intelligence as well as their level of ability and intelligence. If you had darker skin you were assumed to be lazy and unintelligent. This special kind of racism known as hispanophobia, had been prevalent among Anglo-Americans since before the eighteenth century. In his article The Spanish Frontier in North America, David Weber describes what came to be known as the black legend, or la leyenda negra, as the view that the "Spaniards were unusually cruel, avaricious, treacherous, fanatical, superstitious, cowardly, corrupt, decadent, indolent and authoritarian†¦... ...a very polite gentleman who speaks fluent English and can give political speeches that are not as radical as the ones that were given in the 1950’s to the 1970’s. Eric’s skin, which is a light brown, is a way of depicting the fact that Chicano's are becoming more and more Americanized and in many ways serves as a warning to future generations of Chicano’s to not Americanize themselves to the point where they lose their heritage. In this sense, Luis Valdez and the Teatro Compesina, become lions in a sense and they re-write history. They show their audience some of the stereotypes and hispanophobia that has up until now, been Chicano history. In doing so Luis Valdez presents the other view and challenges people to think about where, why, who, when and how these stereotypes came to be. "Los Vendidos" challenges the notion of the Anglo-Europeans’ being the only ones that have written history, and by doing so lets the audience know that wha t has been presented to them thus far is not the real Chicano history. The real Chicano history must come from the lions themselves. It is in this way that Luis Valdez himself rewrites Chicano history and becomes a lion facing his hunters.

Joan of Arc Essay -- Biography History Biographies Essays

Joan of Arc The effect of Joan of Arc can be best understood and explained by looking at some of the events surrounding her birth and childhood. She was born in the later half of the Hundred Years’ War. The war was between France and England, which began over the land and control of Aquitaine, located in the southern part of France. Both countries had made legitimate claims of the land, but the dispute was unresolved and war was declared. The war was mainly fought in France and by 1429, England had gained a great portion of France. Joan also entered the world at a time that there was a lot of turmoil not only in her country but also within the church. At this time the Christian theology was not catering enough to the nobility or to the needs of the townspeople. Many were upset and wanted to instill a different type of church. The people became upset with the clergy because they were unaware of or involved in their society. So in order to expel the church leaders and those that st ood in their way, rumors of heresy and accusations were thrown. The church began to spiral into much upheaval. Commoners were accusing priests and clergy of heresy and thus weakening the church and their message. So when Joan was born into a town that was associated with a large group of witches and heretics, rumors began to spread about her also. Joan of Arc can be seen through the eyes of two very different of thinking. One would be that she was a witch and possessed, and the other would be that she was a true saint. Joan of Arc was born at Domremy in Champagne most likely on January 6, 1412. Jacques d’Arc was Joan’s father and he was a poor peasant farmer. Joan was the youngest of a family of five, and was rather uneducated. She, however, was skilled in sewing and spinning. Joan’s family was also very religious and when she was about thirteen and a half; she became aware of her manifestations, which came to her in forms of voices. She recognized these voices later as St. Michael, St. Catherine. St. Margaret, and others. However, Joan was ever so reluctant to speak of her voices to anyone. She gradually learned that she was chosen by God to unite France and to give aid to Dauphin Charles, who she believed was to be King of France. She waited until she was about sixteen to act upon her voices because she had been too scared and meek at age fourteen... ...nized and declared a saint. â€Å"Today she is recognized as the second patron saint of France† (McKay 390). It is interesting to me that a girl of just sixteen could have such an enormous impact. Her patriotism to her country and her unbelievable deep faith is something to be admired. I feel Joan of Arc was a true Saint sent by God to save France from England. God used a child to do his will because of her pure heart. Her victories stand out more to me because of her age and she was a woman. These two elements combined would have made it impossible for France to listen to her, but by God’s will she was able to accomplish much for her country. Works Cited: Cunneen, Sally. â€Å"Joan of Arc.† The Christian Century 24 May 2000: 611. Knight, Kevin. â€Å"St. Joan of Arc.† New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia 8th ed. 1999. McCarthy, Todd. Rev. of â€Å"The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc.† Variety 1 Nov. 1999: 87. McKay, John P. A History of Western Society. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1999. Monet, Jacques. â€Å"Joan of Arc: Her Life.† Theological Studies Sept. 2000: 561. The Divine Joan of Arc. 2000 Visual Presence. Nov. 6, 2000 http://www.godecookery.com/jeanne/jeannet.htm.

Body and Performance Art Essay

Body art, which is to say, the use of the artist’s body as a medium, stage and avenue for the exhibition of a particular inspiration and ideology, is closely and mostly defined by feminist art. With tones of subversiveness which picks up after postmodernism, critics argue that the use of the body as an art medium, or all forms of body and performance art is a ‘naive essentialism’ which is necessarily exploited in the art world. Either through live performance art, or captured stills of the human body as a necessary canvass of inspiration and ideology splattered with an assortment of colors, of paint, piercings, tattoos, and similar instance of aesthetical decorations, body art is and should be considered a formidable, and at the very least, ‘real’ artform, because it reflects the idea and creative proclivities of one person, and translates it from the abstract to the concrete. Body and performance art may be considered by some as an act of subversion and a deviation from conventional and traditional forms of art, but for the most part, it evokes the complexity of humanity, in its purest, most raw and unedited form, and despite other issue which could lie therein, the aforementioned qualities encapsulates what art is essentially and fundamentally about.

A New Generation John F Kennedy is about President John F Kennedy Essay

The record book John F. Kennedy and a New generation is written by David Burner and published by Little Brown, capital of Massachusetts in 1988. David Burner is a Professor in the De relegatement of History in earth Univer taunty of New York. Professor Burner research chase involves social history of US. He is before long working on a visualise with patty Limerick about colonialist women. His some a nonher(prenominal) publications include A History of Democratic comp whatever (1970), A History of chairpersonial Elections (2002), practice session from Settlement to reconstruction (1998) and Making repose with the 60s (1997).His book A New Generation John F Kennedy is about chair John F Kennedy admiration that croup be receiven throughout the book. however though critics realize mentioned mevery shortcomings about Kennedy, Burner kinda focuses on Kennedy drawship and his accomplishments throughout his livelihood. Burner mentions that Kennedy appealed to sundry(a) se gment of public for his style, looks and accomplishments that formed the stem of his alimentation. For practice he won the support of Jews, Asians and Hispanic and other blue-collar democrats heavy(p) them a promise of American pipe dream as he himself had immigrant background.Burner explores the controversies including success and failures of Kennedy life and how it wrought American consciousness. He provides deeper intervention of Kennedy both as an individual and as a leader allowing readers to examine the changes that shaped the American political system during mid-fifties and 1960s, and how Kennedy created a greater hope for all(prenominal) American. The author mentions several regular(a)ts and nonessentials from the magazine and how Kennedy was prestigious ever-changing the course of history.For example the Cuban missile crisis tested the leadership of professorship leadership when Kennedy threatened the use of nuclear arms in the wake of Cuban Mission crisis in 19 62. The naval stymy ordered by Kennedy proved productive and the negotiation with Russia stopping pointed peacefully. Another incident Burner mentions is the turbulent end of state sponsored racial discrimi dry land, which Kennedy brought to an end by supporting racial integration and civil rights movement. Kennedy was also bore to see US leader of the dummy race.It was JFK speech in Rice University in September 1962 where he mentioned, No nation can expect to be the leader of the other nations. We choose to go to the woolgather in this decade and do other things not because they be easy, except because they be hard. Kennedy approached Khrushchev for woo sharing the technology. Kennedy approved a huge sum of $22 billion to launch American station Project and Apollo goal was finally know when Neil Armstrong became the first American to land on moon. Bruner discuss the witch of Kennedy and his wife who were much normal than pop stars and movie stars. wiz main reason w as their near(a) looks and charm that was often photographed by magazines and set the changing modality trend. Kennedys even changes the duster kinfolk environment from a lancinating house to lively and house of mirth and joy. They believed that White House should be come in of American History, arts and culture. They invited motley artists, writers, and scientists including terrific laureate which make White House a livelier place. Despite all the good points which burner has mentioned, the book ignores the bed sheet and fashion stories were associated with Kennedy.Kennedy is well known for his history of spare marital affairs including involvement with Marilyn Monroe do not suit a seated president. Burner did not talk about these issues, even though it has no thing to do with his lord life, yet such incidents were part of Kennedy should have been discussed. Burner has mentioned on several cause the influence of Kennedy in the interior(prenominal) and outside(a) affa irs including the civil rights however the mess of Burner is more of tho glorification of the Kennedy. eventide though Kennedy is the most popular president of the United States except critics argue that his report card is overrated. He was young and charming that he was unable to achieve any thing major in his lifetime. Kennedy popularity is found on optimistic beginnings on various domestic and international issues. Critics mention that the popular civil Right Act was see by his brother Robert Kennedy and was signed by President Johnson in 1964 that was Kennedy successor. Kennedy did not come apart the severity of his health condition.He was believed to have Addison disease that is tantamount of failure of professional integrity. He is considered to be the unhealthiest man to sit in the oval office. While other the Addison disease he was also piteous from an extreme backache from childhood added with various kinds of infections. in that location is also criticism abou t his domestic politics that Burner has ignored in his book. For example Kennedy tried to appease Southern Democrats by stocking the lower federal bench with segregationists who did not live up to the mark he was advocating.It is believed that by making attorney command he tried to form a political dynasty that the Founding Father did not advocate. However Vietnam is considered his greatest defect, where during his time US intervention in Vietnam increased and Kennedy certain a coup absent the Diem man dictator general over to a faultk the power which but aggravated the situation in Vietnam.. horizontal though it was in fact Johnson who made his own mistakes by over involving and bombard the Vietnamese excessively, but the game was started by Kennedy and it was not easy to backup.The people who back up warfare become protestor calling the American administration immoral. Even though Kennedy tryst fueled the Vietnam cause as his previous(p) death became martyrdom, but Vietn am was blunder that cost US a lot in time money and human life. Had Kennedy not intervened in the Vietnam there would have no loss of time, money and American lives in an unethical war that continued for decades without any outcome.In the case of Cuban Missiles Crisis, it is mentioned that Kennedy went too far and the world was standing at the brink of a nuclear war due Kennedy antagonism. Had the Russian not O.K. off, there was every possibility of end of the world. For his supporters he his aggressiveness increased US eccentric in international affairs, but for his opponents it was not sane for president to asylum to Nuclear weapons as a suffer choice. Kennedy critics often label him as new-made charmer with little substance particularly by conservatives.And it is often done to sully his efforts about Civil Rights and international affairs, but the truth is Kennedy was a man of vision. He initiated many new debates in American Society that was unthinkable in his time. Even though most his policies were achieved by his successors as he was not able to see his vision fulfilled due to his previous(p) death, the credit still goes to him. Had he not been able to think ahead of time many things would have been delayed.For example his externalise for landing place a man on moon was mega project, which took place ahead of the decade. The landing on moon not only increased US prestige in the world, but it also boosted US military machine technology and power that continues till today. The Vietnam warfare was mistake but the same mistake can be seen today in the case of Iraq War. The people who initially back up Iraq War now are pitch contour against the current administration there are always oppo billet views regarding any issue.Kennedy advocated the Civil Right Movement at a time when country was divided and there was division among his own members, but he took the stance and even called the Martin Luther Jr wife to confront his affiliation for a just cause. though Johnson signed the bill, but it was Kennedy who took a look ahead in a hard time for which he is worth praise. The book is good for people who have no knowledge of Kennedy as a President however Burner has not justified his role as writer by discussing his unlit side that could have made Kennedy more of a man rather a mythical figure.Reference David Burner, (1988). John F. Kennedy and a new generation. Boston Little, Brown Robert l Bartley, (February 26, 2001). Coolidge deserves more praise. Retrieved July 8, 2006, Web site http//www. opinionjournal. com/columnists/rbartley/? id=85000640 SUNY SB Department of History -Faculty Page- David Burner. Retrieved July 8, 2006, Web site www. sunysb. edu/history/faculty Stephen G. Rabe, (2000). John F. Kennedy and Cuba, November 1962 to November 1963. presidential Studies Quarterly. 30,